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- Aaron Jay Kernis
String Quartet, 'musica celestis' (1990)
- Associated Music Publishers Inc (World)
Programme Note
Composer Note:
I believe that a good piece of music should not need words to be described, so I hope that listeners will find these words superfluous in retrospect. But I would like to provide some background on some of the ideas and influences in this work.
Composing this quartet has been an exhilarating experience for me. I have wanted to write a quartet for years, and hence, was delighted when the Lark Quartet asked me to provide one for their Naumburg commission. But at the time I could not have imagined the sense of growth and pure pleasure that I have felt during its composition.
The form of the work is based on the string quartet model from the classical period-that is, in four movements:
I. Sonata Form;
II. Slow Movement;
III. Scherzo with Trio; and
IV. Rondo.
This seems ordinary and quite basic, but if anyone had told me five or even two years ago that I'd write a classically structured work in the future, I'd have suggested (politely) that they see a helpful and friendly doctor. This quartet follows on the heels of my Symphony in Waves, written last year for the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra, and for which the same remark holds true in regard to symphonic form. (Not for me, thank you). I'd felt traditional forms were outmoded and unapplicable to the music of our time.
But I've been gradually realizing that the music I keep on going back to-the music I really love-was written before 1945 and especially before 1911. I love the emotional inclusiveness of music of the past and have grown weary of the intellectualization that has limited the expression and communicativeness of so much music in this century. I want everything to be included in music: soaring melody, consonance, tension, dissonance, drive, relaxation, color, strong harmony, and form- and for every possible emotion to be elicited actively by the passionate use of those elements. This brings us back to the quartet.
As I began writing it, I found that the musical ideas that I chose to work with demanded extensive development and a well-shaped harmonic basis for that development. This led me, with great reservations at first and even greater disbelief, to the use of sonata form and caused me to confront using all the above elements head on, at once, in this abstractly formed composition. This felt especially new to me since so much of my work in the past derived its inspiration from images or texts. What convinced me to use the form, however, was the organic way that it developed from the musical ideas themselves.
The form of the first movement follows the traditional exposition-development-recapitulation "formula." Unlike older sonata movements, most of the conflict and development occurs in the exposition and recap. The development section here is harmonically relaxed and mostly lyrical, acting as an extended interruption between the two larger sections. For those interested in a more detailed view of the first movement's form, see below (others may skip without fear to the next paragraph).
I. Exposition: Theme 1 (alternates between pairs of instruments). Contrasting Section (Rhythmic Music A) ending in Climax on Theme 1 variant-- transition to Theme 2 (solo viola, than solo violin 1). Rhythmic Music B (variant of end of first climax). Climax with Theme 1 variant. Closing Section.
II. Development: Transition. Four solos which develop Theme 1 (separated by brief contrasting sections). Re- Transition.
Ill. Recapitulation: Theme 1 (shortened and varied). Contrasting Section (Rhythmic Section A) ending in Climax on Theme 1 variant. Theme 2 and Rhythmic Section B developed simultaneously. Closing Section variant. Harmonic Culmination. Coda.
The second movement musica celestis, is inspired by the medieval conception of that phrase which refers to the singing of the angels in heaven in praise of God without end. "The office of singing pleases God if it is performed with an attentive mind, when in this way we imitate the choirs of angels who are said to sing the Lord's praises without ceasing." (Aurelian of Réöme, translated by Barbara Newman) I don't particularly believe in angels, but found this to be a potent image that has been reinforced by listening to a good deal of medieval music, especially the soaring work of Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179). This movement follows a simple, spacious melody and harmonic pattern through a number of variations (like a passacaglia) and modulations, and is framed by an introduction and codas. The Scherzo is made of bits and scraps of things, while the Trio is based on a nonexistent ländler. The fourth movement, Quasi una Danza, begins in a halting fashion but develops a dance-like sense as it goes on.
String Quartet ("musica celestis") was generously commissioned by the Walter W. Naumburg Foundation. My deepest thanks to the Lark Quartet, and to Mrs. Lucy Mann, Mrs. Frances Kennedy, and the board of directors of the quartet.
—Aaron Jay Kernis
Sample Pages
I believe that a good piece of music should not need words to be described, so I hope that listeners will find these words superfluous in retrospect. But I would like to provide some background on some of the ideas and influences in this work.
Composing this quartet has been an exhilarating experience for me. I have wanted to write a quartet for years, and hence, was delighted when the Lark Quartet asked me to provide one for their Naumburg commission. But at the time I could not have imagined the sense of growth and pure pleasure that I have felt during its composition.
The form of the work is based on the string quartet model from the classical period-that is, in four movements:
I. Sonata Form;
II. Slow Movement;
III. Scherzo with Trio; and
IV. Rondo.
This seems ordinary and quite basic, but if anyone had told me five or even two years ago that I'd write a classically structured work in the future, I'd have suggested (politely) that they see a helpful and friendly doctor. This quartet follows on the heels of my Symphony in Waves, written last year for the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra, and for which the same remark holds true in regard to symphonic form. (Not for me, thank you). I'd felt traditional forms were outmoded and unapplicable to the music of our time.
But I've been gradually realizing that the music I keep on going back to-the music I really love-was written before 1945 and especially before 1911. I love the emotional inclusiveness of music of the past and have grown weary of the intellectualization that has limited the expression and communicativeness of so much music in this century. I want everything to be included in music: soaring melody, consonance, tension, dissonance, drive, relaxation, color, strong harmony, and form- and for every possible emotion to be elicited actively by the passionate use of those elements. This brings us back to the quartet.
As I began writing it, I found that the musical ideas that I chose to work with demanded extensive development and a well-shaped harmonic basis for that development. This led me, with great reservations at first and even greater disbelief, to the use of sonata form and caused me to confront using all the above elements head on, at once, in this abstractly formed composition. This felt especially new to me since so much of my work in the past derived its inspiration from images or texts. What convinced me to use the form, however, was the organic way that it developed from the musical ideas themselves.
The form of the first movement follows the traditional exposition-development-recapitulation "formula." Unlike older sonata movements, most of the conflict and development occurs in the exposition and recap. The development section here is harmonically relaxed and mostly lyrical, acting as an extended interruption between the two larger sections. For those interested in a more detailed view of the first movement's form, see below (others may skip without fear to the next paragraph).
I. Exposition: Theme 1 (alternates between pairs of instruments). Contrasting Section (Rhythmic Music A) ending in Climax on Theme 1 variant-- transition to Theme 2 (solo viola, than solo violin 1). Rhythmic Music B (variant of end of first climax). Climax with Theme 1 variant. Closing Section.
II. Development: Transition. Four solos which develop Theme 1 (separated by brief contrasting sections). Re- Transition.
Ill. Recapitulation: Theme 1 (shortened and varied). Contrasting Section (Rhythmic Section A) ending in Climax on Theme 1 variant. Theme 2 and Rhythmic Section B developed simultaneously. Closing Section variant. Harmonic Culmination. Coda.
The second movement musica celestis, is inspired by the medieval conception of that phrase which refers to the singing of the angels in heaven in praise of God without end. "The office of singing pleases God if it is performed with an attentive mind, when in this way we imitate the choirs of angels who are said to sing the Lord's praises without ceasing." (Aurelian of Réöme, translated by Barbara Newman) I don't particularly believe in angels, but found this to be a potent image that has been reinforced by listening to a good deal of medieval music, especially the soaring work of Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179). This movement follows a simple, spacious melody and harmonic pattern through a number of variations (like a passacaglia) and modulations, and is framed by an introduction and codas. The Scherzo is made of bits and scraps of things, while the Trio is based on a nonexistent ländler. The fourth movement, Quasi una Danza, begins in a halting fashion but develops a dance-like sense as it goes on.
String Quartet ("musica celestis") was generously commissioned by the Walter W. Naumburg Foundation. My deepest thanks to the Lark Quartet, and to Mrs. Lucy Mann, Mrs. Frances Kennedy, and the board of directors of the quartet.
—Aaron Jay Kernis
Sample Pages